Which is NOT a component of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSEs)?

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSEs) refer to drug-induced movement disorders that can occur as side effects of certain medications, particularly antipsychotic agents. The primary components of EPSEs include akathisia, parkinsonian symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.

Akathisia is characterized by a feeling of inner restlessness and an uncontrollable need to be in constant motion. It is a common side effect of antipsychotic medications and is considered an extrapyramidal symptom.

Parkinsonian symptoms involve motor difficulties such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia, which mimic those seen in Parkinson's disease. These symptoms arise due to the disruption of dopamine pathways affected by antipsychotic medications.

Tardive dyskinesia is a late-onset movement disorder that causes repetitive, involuntary movements, typically involving the face and tongue. It is a serious side effect associated with long-term use of antipsychotics and is classified under EPSEs.

In contrast, hallucinations are sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind, often associated with psychotic disorders rather than being a movement disorder. While hallucinations can occur in individuals with schizophrenia or due to substance use, they