What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can occur in response to the use of antipsychotic medications, which are also known as neuroleptics. This syndrome is characterized by hyperthermia (a high fever), muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction (which can include changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and sweating). It arises due to dopamine receptor antagonism in the central nervous system, frequently after the initiation of antipsychotic therapy or dosage changes.

Recognizing NMS is crucial for healthcare providers because timely intervention is necessary to manage this condition and reduce morbidity and mortality risks. Immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic medication and supportive care are key components of treatment. The gravity of NMS distinguishes it from common minor side effects, psychological disorders, or conditions like metabolic syndrome, which do not encompass the severe physiological symptoms and potential complications associated with NMS.