What characterizes schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is primarily characterized by distortions in thinking and perception, which are fundamental aspects of the disorder. Individuals with schizophrenia often experience hallucinations, which are false perceptions that can involve any of the senses, and delusions, which are strongly held false beliefs that are resistant to contrary evidence. These distortions affect their thoughts, feelings, and interactions with the world, leading to significant impairments in functioning.

The other options provide incomplete or inaccurate representations of schizophrenia. While severe mood swings might be associated with mood disorders, they do not define schizophrenia. Constant fatigue and low energy can be symptomatic of various mental health issues but are not specific to schizophrenia. Exclusively focusing on negative symptoms, such as lack of motivation or emotional flatness, ignores the full spectrum of symptoms that include both positive (like hallucinations and delusions) and negative manifestations of the disorder.